Abdominal Wall Hernias: different types of classifications and complications / Hernias de la Pared abdominal: diferentes tipos de clasificaciones y complicaciones

Abdominal hernias are defects due to loss of continuity of the fasciae and/or muscles with the protrusion of abdominal structures. They are the third most prevalent and incident abdominal pathology worldwide and the second pathology of consultation in general surgery in patients of age limits. There are various factors that contribute to their formation, but within the scientific community there are various types of classifications, which differ according to the professional training school and their decision-making. This bibliographic review aims to expose the most used abdominal hernia classification systems such as the European one that has a morphological vision, the Ventral Hernia Working Group that proposes its aspect on recurrence together with the modified one that exposes comorbidity and the staging system of ventral hernia that provides a comprehensive approach to classification and management. In addition to the most common complications of the same.

Las hernias abdominales son defectos por pérdida de continuidad de las fascias y/o músculos con la protrusión de estructuras abdominales. Son la tercera patología abdominal más prevalente e incidente a nivel mundial y la segunda patología de consulta en cirugía general en pacientes en límites de edades. Existen diversos factores que contribuyen a su formación, pero dentro de la comunidad científica existe diversos tipos de clasificaciones, las cuales difieren de acuerdo a la escuela de formación de los profesionales y su toma de decisiones. La presente revisión bibliográfica pretende exponer los sistemas de clasificación de hernias abdominales más utilizados como la Europea que tiene una visión morfológica, el Grupo de Trabajo de Hernia Ventral que propone su aspecto sobre la recurrencia junto con el modificado que expone comorbilidad y el sistema de estadificación de hernia ventral que brinda un enfoque integral para clasificación y manejo. Además de las complicaciones más habituales de las mismas.

Modificación a la clasificación de Lloyd Milton Nyhus al añadir la variable reductibilidad / Modification to the Lloyd Milton Nyhus's Classification upon Adding the Variable Reducibility

Introducción: Las clasificaciones de las hernias de la pared abdominal nos permiten agruparlas homogéneamente y comparar así resultados de diferentes estudios. Numerosas han sido descritas con el uso de diversas variables, pero ninguna logra cubrir todas las expectativas para lo cual fueron creadas. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra modificación a la clasificación original de Lloyd Milton Nyhus al añadir la variable reductibilidad para la estratificación de las hernias inguinocrurales. Métodos: Se realizó un trabajo descriptivo y prospectivo de 449 pacientes con hernia de la región inguinocrural atendidos en el Hospital Universitario "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso", de Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo comprendido de enero de 2018 a diciembre de 2019. Los datos fueron extraídos del Registro Electrónico de Hernias creado en el procesador estadístico Epi info versión 3.5.4 y presentados en tablas y porcientos. Resultados: Se presentó la nueva nomenclatura para identificar los diferentes subgrupos de hernias y se obtuvo que el 85,3 por ciento presentaban hernias reductibles, el 1,5 por ciento incarceradas, el 9,3 por ciento atascadas y el 1,7 por ciento estranguladas. Con esta nueva clasificación, disponemos en nuestro Registro de Hernias, de todos los subgrupos clínicos de hernias de la región inguinocrural. Conclusiones: La nueva modificación, nos permite estratificar y comparar homogéneamente por subgrupos a los pacientes, es sencilla de usar y de gran valor asistencial, docente y científico(AU)

Introduction: Classifications of abdominal wall hernias allow us to group them homogeneously and thus compare the results of different studies. Many have been described with the use of several variables, but none can meet all the expectations for which they were created. Objective: To present our modification to the original Lloyd Milton Nyhus's classification by adding the variable reducibility for the stratification of inguinocrural hernias. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was carried out, in the period from January 2018 to December 2019, in 449 patients with hernia of the inguinocrural region treated at Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso University Hospital of Santiago de Cuba. The data were obtained from an Electronic Registry of Hernias created in the statistical processor Epi info (version 3.5.4), as well as presented then in tables and percentages. Results: The new nomenclature to identify the different subgroups of hernias was presented. It was obtained that 85.3 percent had reducible hernias, 1.5 percent had incarcerated hernias, 9.3 percent had stuck hernias and 1.7 percent had strangulated hernias. With this new classification, we have, in our Hernia Registry, all the clinical subgroups of hernias in the inguinocrural region. Conclusions: The new modification allows us to stratify and compare patients homogeneously by subgroups; it is easy to use and of great care-related, teaching and scientific value(AU)

Cirugía video-pararoscópica; complicaciones relacionadas con las eventraciones de los orificios de los trocares / LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY: THE COMPLICATIONS OF PORT SITE INCISIONAL HERNIA

Antecedentes: En la cirugía video-laparoscópica, aparecieron nuevas complicaciones, donde se incluyen las relacionadas con las eventraciones de los orificios de los trocares (EOT). Objetivos: Observar la aparición de hernias a través de los orificios de los trocares en la cirugía video laparoscópica. Diseño: Prospectivo, protocolizado y cooperativo Lugar de aplicación: Servicio de Guardia del HNC. Clínica Privada Caraffa. Servicio de Cirugía General "Pablo Luis Mirizzi". HNC Material y Método: Entre diciembre de 2005 y diciembre del 2018 hemos intervenido quirúrgicamente 81 pacientes con EOT. 49 eran del sexo femenino y los 32 restantes del masculino con un promedio de 49, 05 de edad (rango: 25-85 años). En un primer grupo (no complicados), 62 de 73 pacientes presentaban tumor y dolor en la región umbilical y peri umbilical y los otros 11 con dolor y tumor en región epigástrica. Los 8 pacientes restantes que conforman el grupo II (complicados), ingresaron por un cuadro abdominal oclusivo. Resultados: En los pacientes no complicados, se decidió la reparación de la eventración mediante la utilización de una malla de polipropileno. Asimismo, en dos complicados se utilizó este procedimiento. Por otro lado, en el grupo complicado, una paciente presentaba una peritonitis fecal, donde se realizó una diversión de los cabos. En otro paciente, se realizó una resección intestinal. En los otros cuatro restantes, solamente se comprobó una necrosis de epiplón, el cual fue resecado. Conclusiones: A través de los años, con el incremento de los procedimientos laparoscópicos, ha comenzado a observarse un llamativo número de EOT.

Background: in surgery video-laparoscopic, appeared new complications, including those related to the port site incisional hernia (PIH). Objectives: Observe the emergence of hernias through the holes of trocars in the video laparoscopic surgery. Design: Prospective, cooperative and protocoled. Place of application: Emergency Room of the HNC. Private Clinic Caraffa. General Surgery Service. "Pablo Luis Mirizzi". HNC. Methods: Between December 2005 and December of 2018 we have intervened surgically 81 patients with PIH. 49 were female and the 32 remaining of the male with an average of 49.05 of age (range: 25-85 years). In the first group (No complicated), 62 of 73 patients showed tumour and pain in the umbilical region and perumbilical and the other 11 with pain and tumour in epigastric region. The 8 remaining patients comprising Group II (Complicated), were by an occlusive abdominal picture. Results: In uncomplicated patients (Group I), it was decided to repair of PIH using a polypropylene mesh. In addition, this procedure was used in two complicated. On the other hand, the complicated group (Group II), a patient presented a faecal peritonitis, which was a fun of los capes. In another patient, was a bowel Resection. The other four remaining, only found a necrosis of omentum, which was resected. Conclusions: Through the years, with the increase in laparoscopic procedures, it has begun to observe a striking number of PIH.

Reconstrução de parede abdominal: série de casos / Reconstruction of the abdominal wall: a case series

Introdução: Os pacientes com defeitos de parede abdominal chegam ao consultório do cirurgião plástico em situações muitas vezes complexas, necessitando de abordagem cirúrgica avançada. Métodos: Estudo primário, retrospectivo e descritivo de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos de reconstrução de parede abdominal pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (HC-UFPE). Resultados: Foram revisados e incluídos os prontuários de 18 pacientes, 15 (83,3%) do sexo feminino e 3 (16,7%) do masculino, com idade variando de 16 a 79 anos (média de 41 anos). Dezessete pacientes possuíam histórico de cirurgia prévia (94,4%), sendo a cesárea presente em 8 dos casos (44,4%), seguida de cirurgia oncológica com 6 (33,3%), cirurgia do trauma com 2 (11,1%) e bariátrica com 2 (11,1%). Em relação à etiologia do defeito, 8 (44,4%) eram decorrentes de fasciite necrosante, 4 (22,2%) de hérnia incisional, 2 (11,1%) por trauma, 2 (11,1%) por infecção de ferida operatória e 2 (11,1%) por neoplasia de parede abdominal, sendo somente um (5,5%) paciente com defeito de espessura total. A técnica cirúrgica de separação dos componentes foi realizada em 7 dos casos (38,9%), seguida de retalho de avanço simples em 6 (33,3%), fechamento com tela associado à abdominoplastia em 3 (16,7%), e expansor tecidual em 2 (11,1%). Quanto às complicações, houve 4 casos (22,2%). Conclusões: Defeitos de parede abdominal são casos desafiadores para o cirurgião plástico, seu tratamento se mostra árduo, porém com resultados satisfatórios mesmo nos casos mais severos.

Introduction: Patients with abdominal wall defects present challenging complications that require the use of advanced surgical approaches. Methods: This primary, retrospective, and descriptive study evaluated patients who underwent abdominal wall reconstruction at the Plastic Surgery Service of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco. Results: The medical records of 18 patients were reviewed, including 15 women (83.3%) and 3 men (16.7%), with a mean age of 41 years (range, 16-79 years). Seventeen patients (94.4%) had a history of previous surgery. The causes of abdominal injury were cesarean section in eight cases (44.4%), oncologic surgery in six (33.3%), trauma surgery in two (11.1%), and bariatric surgery in two (11.1%). The etiology of the defect was necrotizing fasciitis in eight cases (44.4%), incisional hernia in four (22.2%), trauma in two (11.1%), surgical wound dehiscence in two (11.1%), abdominal wall neoplasia in two (11.1%), and total thickness defect in one (5.5%). The surgical interventions included the component separation technique in seven cases (38.9%), simple VY advancement flap in six (33.3%), closure with abdominoplasty in three (16.7%), and tissue expander in two (11.1%). Four patients (22.2%) presented complications. Conclusions: Abdominal wall defects are challenging cases for plastic surgeons, as their treatment is difficult, but the results are satisfactory even in the most severe cases.

Obstrucción intestinal debido a hernia estrangulada en el espacio prevesical: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Intestinal obstruction caused by strangulated hernia in the prevesical space: one case and revision of the literature

Resumen Introducción El espacio prevesical es una localización infrecuente de hernia. La hernia prevesical es causa infrecuente de obstrucción intestinal. Presentamos el caso de un paciente intervenido en nuestro centro y realizamos una revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico Varón de 67 años sin antecedentes médico- quirúrgicos de interés que acude a Urgencias por dolor suprapúbico de 24 h de evolución. A la exploración destacan distensión abdominal y dolor en la localización previamente descrita. Se realiza estudio analítico completo y TC abdominal, en el que se objetiva dilatación de asas del intestino delgado con cambio de calibre a nivel pélvico. Se decide realizar laparotomía exploradora: herniación de 25 cm de íleon de aspecto isquémico en el espacio prevesical. Se realiza resección intestinal y anastomosis enteroentérica L-L manual monoplano. El estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica no revela otros datos de interés. El paciente presenta buena evolución postoperatoria con tolerancia oral progresiva y es dado de alta al quinto día de la intervención. Conclusiones Las hernias del espacio prevesical son causa infrecuente de dolor abdominal y de obstrucción intestinal. Se localizan entre los ligamentos umbilicales laterales y el fundus de la vejiga, donde se forma un anillo peritoneal. Deben sospecharse ante dolor inguinal o supra-púbico sin tumoración palpable en el piso abdominal inferior. El diagnóstico es radiológico, mediante TC. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y ocasionalmente puede precisar resección intestinal.

Introduction Prevesical space is an infrequent location of hernias. Prevesical hernia is a rare cause of bowel obstruction. We present a case operated at our institution and review the available evidence in literature. Case report A 67-years-old mail, without any relevant medical history, came to the Emergency Department complaining of suprapubic pain during the last 24 h. Physical examination revealed abdominal distension and suprapubic pain. A CT scan revealed small bowel dilation with a gauge change in the pelvis. Exploring laparotomy was performed, observing a hernia in the prevesical space and 25 cm of ileal loops incarcerated with ischemic aspect. A small bowel resection and latero-lateral manual running suture anastomosis was performed. Histological findings were not relevant. The patient presented an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged the 5th day after surgery. Conclusions Hernias in the prevesical space are infrequent causes of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction. They are located between lateral umbilical ligaments and bladder fundus, where a ring is located. They must be suspected in cases of inguinal or suprapubic pain without palpable lump in the lower abdominal quadrants. Diagnosis can be only radiologically achieved, by CT scan. Surgical treatment is mandatory, often requiring bowel resection.

Prevalencia de cáncer colorrectal en pacientes en valoración preoperatoria de hernia de la pared abdominal / Prevalence of colorectal cancer in patients in preoperative assessment of abdominal wall herniation

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la tercera causa de muerte por cáncer en hombres y la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres de nuestro país. Se ha sugerido que los pacientes con hernias de pared abdominal tendrían más posibilidades de asociar CCR, lo que ha llevado a recomendar por parte de numerosas sociedades científicas la realización de videocolonoscopía (VCC) para búsqueda de CCR previo a la resolución quirúrgica de las hernias. Estudios más recientes han cuestionado esta indicación, no recomendando la realización de VCC en pacientes con hernias de la pared abdominal sin otra sintomatología. Objetivo: Específico. Establecer la prevalencia de CCR y lesiones preneoplásicas en pacientes en valoración preoperatoria de hernias de pared abdominal. Secundario. Establecer si existe asociación estadística entre CCR y la aparición de hernias abdominales. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos controles que incluyó a pacientes que concurrieron en el período comprendido entre enero de 2006 y febrero de 2014 al servicio de Endoscopía Digestiva del Hospital de Clínicas. Se definieron como casos los pacientes a quienes se les había indicado una VCC previa a la reparación quirúrgica de su hernia de pared abdominal y se definieron como controles al grupo de pacientes que concurrió al mismo servicio en el mismo período a realizarse VCC para tamizaje de cáncer de colon. Resultados: en el grupo de casos se incluyeron 225 pacientes. En este, 55 VCC (24,4%) fueron incompletas por diversos motivos (56,4% por intolerancia). Se encontraron dos pacientes (0,9%) con cáncer de colon (uno cáncer de colon ascendente y el otro cáncer de colon descendente). En el grupo control se incluyeron 230 pacientes. En este grupo, un paciente (0,43%) presentó cáncer de colon ascendente; 21 VCC (9,1%) fueron parciales debido a intolerancia en el mayor porcentaje de los casos. Discusión: está demostrada la relación entre patologías que aumentan la presión intraabdominal y la posterior aparición de hernias, por lo que se podría pensar que un CCR sintomático pueda desencadenar la aparición de las mismas; sin embargo, no existe fundamento que sustente que un CCR asintomático pueda provocar lo mismo. En este estudio no hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de CCR entre el grupo de casos y controles. Conclusiones: la decisión de realizar o no una VCC debería seguir los lineamientos habituales recomendados por las sociedades científicas respecto al screening de CCR y no basarse en la sola presencia de las hernias para realizar dicho estudio.

Abstract Introduction: colorectal cancer is the third cause of death for cancer in men and the second cause of cancer in women in our country. It has been suggested that patients with abdominal wall hernias would have more chances of associating colorectal cancer, what has led many scientific societies to recommend patients to undergo a video colonoscopy to look for colorectal cancer prior to the surgical treatment of the hernia. More recent studies have questioned such indication, and do not recommend the video colonoscopy I patients with abdominal wall hernias in the absence of other symptoms. Objective: Specific. To determine the prevalence of colorectal cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions in patients during preoperative assessment of abdominal wall hernias. Secondary. To determine if there is a statistical connection between colorectal cancer and abdominal wall hernias. Method: we conducted a retrospective study of control cases, which included patients who were seen at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit of the University Hospital between January 2006 and February 2014. Cases were defined between when a colonoscopy had been indicated prior to the surgical repair of their abdominal wall hernia, and the control group was made up of patients who were seen at the same unit, during the same period of time, seeking for a video colonoscopy for a colorectal cancer screening. Results: 225 patients were included in the cases group. Within this group, 55 video colonoscopies (24.4%) were incomplete for several reasons (56.4% due to intolerance). Two patients (0.9%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (one of cancer in the ascending colon and the other one cancer in the descending colon). 230 patients were included in the control group. In this group, one patient (0.43%) presented cancer in the ascending colon, 21 colorectal cancer (9.1%) were partial given to intolerance, in most cases. Discusion: the association between conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure and result in hernias has been proved; and for this reason it could be thought that a symptomatic colorectal cancer could cause them. However, there is no evidence that indicates that an asymptomatic colorectal cancer could cause the same. In this study there were no meaning differences in the frequency of colorectal cancer between the case and the control groups. Conclusions: the decision as to whether to perform a video colonoscopy or not should follow the usual guidelines recommended by the scientific societies regarding the colorectal cancer screening instead of basing the decis0ion on the presence of hernias.

Resumo Introdução: a radio-quimioterapia é uma opção de tratamento curativo do carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente em pacientes do meio hospitalar uruguaio cujo diagnóstico é feito em estádios localmente avançados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados terapêuticos e a toxicidade crônica deste tratamento no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: foram incluídas 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaram o tratamento de radio-quimioterapia no período junho de 2006 - novembro de 2008. A radioterapia externa (RTE) foi feita por irradiação pélvica (concomitante com cisplatina semanal) e braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. A dose biológica efetiva para tumor, reto e bexiga foi calculada. A taxa de controle loco-regional e a sobrevida aos cinco anos foram calculadas e também as complicações crônicas utilizando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: a sobrevida global obtida foi de 67% aos cinco anos, mostrando diferenças significativas entre o estádio II (78%) e o estádio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). A taxa de complicações crônicas graus 3-4, de acordo com a RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), foi 1,8% para as urinarias e 3,7% para as digestivas. O controle local inicial foi de 89% e a persistência da lesão de 10,3%; recidiva loco-regional (RL) em todo o período: 19,5%; metástases com ou sem RL: 10,3%. Conclusões: a eficácia terapêutica da radioquimioterapia no câncer de cérvix no nosso meio foi confirmada. A maioria das recidivas ou persistências foi devida a falta de controle loco-regional depois do tratamento inicial. O tratamento foi bem tolerado, com baixa porcentagem de complicações crônicas, comparável a referências internacionais.

Infecciones en cirugía herniaria bioprotésica / Prosthetic infections in hernia surgery

La reparación herniaria con material protésico ha reducido significativamente las tasas de recidiva, convirtiendo su uso en un estándar que goza de amplia aceptación. La infección de la malla es la mayor y más grave complicación en este tipo de cirugía, cuyo manejo se torna complejo requiriendo incluso a veces la extracción de la malla. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y se tuvo en cuenta la la experiencia personal de los autores, para abordar el manejo de este tipo de complicaciones. La infección de la malla es una complicación que necesita un manejo abarcador e intensivo que incluye desde el control local de la infección, el uso de antibiótico, y en ocasiones, la remoción parcial o total del implante(AU)

Hernia repair using prosthetic meshes has dramatically reduced recurrence rates, so its use has been widely accepted. Mesh infections are the major complication in this type of surgery. Its management is usually complex and requires sometimes removal of the mesh. A literature review was made, taking into account the personal experience of the authors in addressing this type of complications. Mesh infection is a complication that requires comprehensive intensive treatment, going from the control of local infection, the use of antibiotics to the partial or total removal of the mesh graft if necessary(AU)

Hérnias abdominais e inguinais em pacientes cirróticos: qual é a melhor conduta? / Abdominal and inguinal hernia in cirrhotic patients: what's the best approach?

INTRODUÇÃO: Tradicionalmente os procedimentos abdominais eletivos em pacientes cirróticos têm sido amplamente desencorajados graças à elevada morbi-mortalidade consequente às complicações da cirrose, descritas por diversos autores. Outros serviços, em contrapartida, obtiveram resultados distintos, advogando a favor de cirurgia eletiva. MÉTODOS: Uma revisão de artigos utilizando-se a palavras "abdominal wall hernia" e "cirrhotic patients" foi realizada na base de dados PubMed. Dos resultados obtidos, 28 artigos foram considerados para elaboração desta revisão. RESULTADOS: Pôde-se observar que a incidência de hérnias em parede abdominal é relativamente elevada em pacientes cirróticos, sendo que muitas delas têm evolução desfavorável e requerem tratamento cirúrgico específico. Com o advento do sistema de alocação de órgãos baseados no escore de MELD, muitos centros estão repensando suas condutas em situações como esta, dado que muitos dos pacientes em questão encontram-se em lista de espera para transplante hepático. Dessa forma a cirurgia eletiva tem conquistado maior papel no manejo desta condição com intuito de diminuir morbi-mortalidade nesses pacientes. Além disso, a qualidade de vida mostrou-se um importante fator a ser considerado, estando muito prejudicada nesta condição. CONCLUSÃO: Poucos estudos com grandes amostragens foram conduzidos até o momento e não há consenso sobre qual conduta é a mais indicada levando em consideração taxas de morbi-mortalidade.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, elective abdominal procedures in cirrhotic patients have been largely discouraged due to high morbidity and mortality consequent to complications of cirrhosis, described by several authors. Other services, however, obtained different results, advocating in favor of elective surgery. METHODS: A literature review using as key-words "abdominal wall hernia" and "cirrhotic patients" was performed using PubMed database. Twenty-eight articles were considered. RESULTS: The incidence of abdominal wall hernias is relatively high in cirrhotic patients, specially those with ascites, and many of these are unfavorable and require specific surgical treatment. Currently, with the advent of MELD score for organ allocation, many centers are reconsidering their approach on leading these situations, since most of patients in question are on waiting list for liver transplantation. Thus elective surgery has achieved major position in managing this condition in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. Moreover, the quality of life was an important factor to be considered, being badly damaged in this condition. CONCLUSION: Few studies with large samples have been conducted so far and there is no consensus on which conduct is the most suitable taking into consideration rates of morbidity and mortality.

Factores de riesgo de presentar una complicación postoperatoria en pacientes operados de urgencia por patología herniaria / Risk factors for complications and mortality after emergency surgery for complicated hernias

Background: Thirteen percent of hernias require emergency surgery and of these, approximately 14 percent require an intestinal excision. Aim: To identify risk factors for postoperative complications after emergency surgical treatment of complicated hernias. Material and Methods: Using surgical room registries, all patients subjected to emergency surgery for complicated hernias between 2004 and 2008 were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Follow up was performed using data from hospital and outpatient medical records. Results: One hundred fifty two patients were identified but four were discarded due to lack of complete records. Therefore, 148 patients aged 24 to 95 years (104 females) were analyzed. Forty patients had postoperative complications (27 percent) and six died (4 percent). Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, III or IV, were identified as risk factors for complications. Logistic regression only accepted hypertension as a risk factor with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.35 (95 percent confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-5.3). The predictors for mortality were obesity, hypertension, an ASA classification of III or IV and having a strangulated hernia. Logistic regression only accepted having a strangulated hernia as an independent risk factor with an OR of 16.4 (95 percent CI 1.6-167.7). Conclusions: Hypertension and having a strangulated hernia are risk factors for complications and mortality after emergency surgery for complicated hernias.

Introducción: Obteniendo los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria, al tratar una hernia complicada de urgencia, podríamos definir mejor su tratamiento. Objetivo principal: Identificar los factores de riesgo de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes operados de urgencia por una hernia complicada en el Hospital Base de Osorno (HBO). Material y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 14 años operados por patología hemiaria complicada en el servicio de urgencia del HBO entre los años 2004 y 2008. Se excluyeron aquellos que no contaron con datos en las variables de interés. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y una regresión logística. Medida de riesgo: odds ratio (OR). Intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento. Stata 10.0. Resultados: La cohorte incluyó 148 pacientes. Mediana de edad 66 años (24-95). La morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria fue un 27,02 por ciento (40 pacientes) y 4,05 por ciento (6 pacientes) respectivamente. Las variables obesidad, hipertensión arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM) y el tener un ASA III-IV resultaron ser significativas (p < 0,05) para morbilidad postoperatoria en el análisis bivariado. En la regresión logística, sólo el ser hipertenso resultó ser un factor de riesgo (OR: 2,35, IC 95 por ciento: 1,04-5,30). Los factores de riesgo para mortalidad que resultaron significativos en el análisis bivariado fueron ser obeso, hipertenso, presentar un ASA de III-IV y presentar hernia estrangulada (p < 0,05). En el análisis multivariado sólo el presentar una hernia estrangulada fue un factor de riesgo (OR: 16,4, IC 95 por ciento: 1,59-167,76). Conclusión: Ser hipertenso y la presencia de necrosis en el saco hemiario son factores de morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria respectivamente en el paciente que se opera por una hernia complicada de urgencia.

Diagnóstico y manejo de la hernia paraduodenal / Diagnosis and management of paraduodenal hernia

Internal hernias cause 1 percent of intestinal obstructions with aproximately 50 percent of these hernias been paraduodenal hernias. Paraduodenal hernias are the product of a malrotation of the midgut during embryogenesis or a non-fusion of the peritoneal folds. These type of internal hernia are more cornmon in males and on the left side of the abdomen. The usual presentation age is in the 4th decade of life. The clinical presentation of these patients is non specific and varies, ranging from mild dyspepsia to intestinal perforation and septic shock. The radiographic studies of these patients show a dumping of the intestinal loops on the upper quadrant of the abdomen with an image of abdominal compartamentalization. The surgical management of these patients should follow three simple principles. The intestines should be reduced, their perfusion and viability must be verified and the hernia sack entrance should be repaired with interrupted non absorbable sutures.

Las hernias internas causan el 1 por ciento de las obstrucciones intestinales. De estas, aproximadamente la mitad son causadas por hernias paraduodenales. Las hernias paraduodenales son producto de una embriogénesis defectuosa, donde el intestino no rota o los pliegues mesentéricos no se fusionan adecuadamente. Estas hernias son más comunes en el género masculino, del lado izquierdo y por lo general se diagnostican en la cuarta década de la vida. La presentación clínica es inespecífica con manifestaciones que varían desde la dispepsia hasta la perforación intestinal y el choque séptico. Los estudios de imagen muestran el agrupamiento de las asas intestinales en el abdomen superior dando una imagen de compartamentalización de la cavidad abdominal. Para el manejo quirúrgico de estos pacientes se debe reducir el intestino herniado, verificar que este sea viable y posea una adecuada perfusión y reparar el orificio hemiario con material no absorbible.

Hernias de pared abdominal complicadas operadas de urgencia mediante una hernioplastía con malla: factores de riesgo de morbilidad postoperatoria / Complicated abdominal wall hernias operated emergency through a hernioplasty with mesh: risk factors for postoperative morbidity

Introducción: Actualmente, no se conocen los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria en los pacientes que son intervenidos por una hernia de pared abdominal complicada operada de urgencia mediante una hernioplastía con malla. El objetivo principal es determinar los factores de riesgo de presentar una complicación durante el postoperatorio, en pacientes operados de urgencia con diagnóstico de hernia de pared abdominal complicada mediante una hernioplastía con malla en el Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) entre los años 2002 y 2008. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se seleccionaron los pacientes mayores de 14 años operados por patología herniaria del registro de cirugías del Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) entre los años 2002 y 2008. Se excluyeron a aquellos operados sin malla. Se estimó el riesgo, mediante Odds ratio (OR) y su intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento. Software utilizado: Stata 10.0. Resultados: La cohorte incluyó 52 pacientes, mediana de edad 64 años (26-85). El 50 por ciento (26 pacientes) fueron de sexo masculino. La ubicación herniaria más frecuente fue la inguinal con 23 casos (44,23 por ciento). 49 (94,23 por ciento) hernias se catalogaron como atascadas y 3 (5,77 por ciento) como estranguladas. Morbilidad operatoria 17,31 por ciento (9 pacientes). Mediana de seguimiento, 32 (5-90) meses. Sólo la instalación de drenaje resultó ser significativa (p<0,05), esta variable resultó tener un OR de 4,7 (IC 95 por ciento:1,09-20,79). Conclusión: En este estudio la instalación de un drenaje al reparar una hernia de pared abdominal complicada con malla, actuaría como factor de riesgo de presentar una complicación durante el postoperatorio.

Introduction: Currently, there are no known risk factors for postoperative complications and mortality in patients who are undergoing surgery for a complicated abdominal wall hernia operated emergency through a hernioplasty with mesh. The main objective is to determine the risk factors for presenting a complication during the postoperative period in patients undergoing emergency with a diagnosis of complicated abdominal wall hernia by a hernioplasty with mesh in the Base Hospital Osorno (HBO) between the years 2002 and 2008. Material and methods: retrospective cohort study. We selected patients older than 14 years operated by hernial pathology of the registration of surgeries of the Emergency Service at the Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) between the years 2002 and 2008. We excluded those operated without mesh. It was felt the risk, using odds ratio (OR) and its confidence interval of 95 percent Software used: Stata 10.0. Results: The cohort included 52 patients, median age 64 years (26-85). The 50 percent (26 patients) were male. The most frequent location hernia was the groin with 23 cases (44.23 percent). 49 (94.23 percent) hernias were catalogd as stuck and 3 (5.77 percent) as being strangled. Operative morbidity 17.31 percent (9 patients). Median follow-up, 32 (5-90 percent) months. Only the installation of drainage turned out to be significant (p<0.05 ), this variable was found to have an OR of 4.7 (IC 95 percent:1,09-20,79). Conclusion: In this study, the installation of a drain after to repair an complicated abdominal wall hernia with mesh would act as a risk factor for presenting a complication during the postoperative period.

A Case of Acute Pancreatitis due to Afferent Loop Syndrome with Internal Hernia / 대한소화기학회지

Acute pancreatitis and afferent loop syndrome (ALS) have similar symptoms and physical findings. Accurate early diagnosis is essential, as the management of acute pancreatitis is predominantly conservative whereas ALS usually requires surgery. We experienced one case of pancreatitis due to ALS with internal hernia. Laboratory findings of patient showed elevated serum amylase, lipase and WBC count. One day after admission, diagnosis was modified as acute pancreatitis caused by ALS on computed tomography. Patient was managed with surgical treatment and operation finding revealed ALS due to internal hernia. He was recovered well after surgical treatment and discharged without significant sequelae.

Grandes hérnias incisionais / Giant incisional hernias

INTRODUÇÃO: A correção de hérnias incisionais abdominais permanece como um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais comuns uma vez que ela ocorre em cerca de 11 por cento das laparotomias. Vários são os fatores de risco. Surgem, em geral, nos primeiros cinco anos após a operação e seu manuseio ainda é controverso. OBJETIVO: Atualizar os meios e métodos empregados para a correção cirúrgica das hérnias abdominais gigantes. MÉTODO: Revisão da literatura com base no Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs com cruzamento dos descritores "hérnia abdominal, próteses, complicações e técnicas cirúrgicas", e adicionando contribuição própria baseada na experiência dos autores no manuseio desta afecção. CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo as correções bem sucedidas, com a utilização ou não de grandes próteses, não são os procedimentos isentos de inconvenientes, pois a parede abdominal não retoma a sua elasticidade e complacência normais. Por este motivo, é importante que o paciente seja alertado da possibilidade da sua expectativa em relação ao resultado, tanto estético quanto funcional, não ser alcançada.

BACKGROUND: The correction of abdominal hernias remains one of the most common surgical procedures since it occurs in about 11 percent of laparotomies. There are several risk factors. Arise, in general, the first five years after the operation and their management is controversial. AIM: Update the means and methods for surgical repair of giant abdominal hernias. METHOD: Literature review based on PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo with crossing the keywords "abdominal hernia, prostheses, surgical techniques and complications", and adding its own contribution based on the authors' experience in handling this condition. CONCLUSION: Even the successful correction with the use of large prostheses, may happen procedure inconvenient, because the abdominal wall does not resume its elasticity and compliance at the normal. For this reason, it is important that the patient be advised of the possibility of their expectations regarding the outcome, both aesthetic and functional, not be achieved.

Falla de coalescencia Toldt II con hernia interna mesocolica derecha en el adulto

Se presenta un caso de abdomen agudo oclusivo en el adulto, en donde se diagnosticó como etiología a una hernia interna mesocólica derecha atascada por falta de coalescencia de la fascia de Toldt II que formaba el saco, con su anillo ubicado por detrás de los vasos mesentéricos. Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica nacional e internacional.

The analyzed case regards an acute small bowel obstruction in an adult, which etiology was an internal mesocolic right hernia, complicating a lack of coalescense of “Toldt´s fascia II” that formed the sack, with its ring located behind the mesenteric artery. A research was performed in both national and international bibliography.

Perfil microbiológico del saco herniario en hernias complicadas operadas en el Servicio de Urgencias / Infection of hernia sac of complicated abdominal hernias

Background: When a complicated hernia is operated, there may be a higher risk of infection when a mesh is placed in a place potentially colonized by intestinal bacteria translocated from the gut. Aim: To perform a microbiological study of the hernia sac of patients subjected to emergency surgery due to complicated hernias. Material and Methods: Prospective study of patients operated for complicated abdominal hernias. Prior to the repair, a culture was obtained from the exposed sac. A portion of this sac was excised and cultured also. Results: Forty one patients aged 46 to 88 years (30 females) were studied. Only one sac tissue sample culture was positive. In six patients, the sac surface cultures disclosed coagulase negative Staphiloccocus. These patients did not receive antimicrobial therapy and although a mesh was placed, no comphcation was recorded. It is possible that these positive cultures were due to contamination of samples. Conclusions: From a microbiological point of view it is safe to place a mesh during the repair of complicated hernias.

La incarceración de una hernia abdominal es una de las emergencias quirúrgicas más comunes. La reparación protésica de las hernias complicadas está aún en discusión, ya que muchos cirujanos temen la infección de la malla al implantarla en un sitio inflamado y potencialmente colonizado por bacterias translocadas desde el tubo digestivo. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo el determinar la presencia de estos microorganismos en el saco hemiario de los pacientes adultos operados de urgencia con diagnóstico de hernia abdominal complicada, a través de cultivos de la superficie y fragmento del mismo, junto con establecer una correlación con las variables clínicas y de laboratorio del paciente al ingreso. Se estudiaron 41 pacientes, observándose un cultivo positivo en la muestra de tejido del saco. Por otro lado, seis pacientes cuyas muestras de superficie resultaron con desarrollo de Staphiloccocus coagulosa negativo, a pesar de no utilizarse terapia antibiótica y haberse reparado con malla, presentaron una excelente evolución sin complicaciones ulteriores, por lo tanto, no descartamos que las muestras correspondan a falsos positivos debido a contaminación de las mismas. Nuestra casuística permite aportar con un antecedente más al algoritmo de decisiones acerca de la utilización de prótesis en hernioplastía de urgencia. Nos parece que desde el punto de vista microbiológico local, la reparación protésica parece ser segura.

Caracterización epidemiológica y complicaciones postoperatorias de las hernias de pared abdominal operadas en el servicio de cirugía del hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke / Epidemiological characterization and postoperative complications of abdominal wall hernia operated in the surgical service of the hospital dr. Gustavo Fricke

Objetivo: Elaborar una caracterización epidemiológica de la patología herniaria de la pared abdominal en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke durante el año 2006, así como también establecer la incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias. Material y método: estudio retrospectivo en 178 pacientes intervenidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Adulto del Hospital Fricke, durante el año 2006 por hernias de la pared abdominal. Se excluyeron pacientes menores de 15 años, pertenecientes a otro servicio quirúrgico y aquellos que presentasen hernias distintas a las de la pared antero o póstero lateral. Las variables registradas fueron datos propios del paciente, del tipo herniario, del tratamiento quirúrgico, complicaciones y controles en policlícico. Resultados: el promedio de edad de los pacientes estudiados fue de 56,6 años, de ellos la mayoría fueron hombres. El tipo de hernia más prevalente en la serie fue la hernia inguinal correspondiendo al 51,1 por ciento de los casos, seguida de las hernias incisionales en un 18,5 por ciento y umbilicales en un 14 por ciento. Un 27,5 por ciento de ellas se encontraba complicada en forma previa a la cirugía, de éstas un 67,3 por ciento se encontraba finalmente atascada, un 12,2 por ciento estrangulada y un 20 ,4 por ciento correspondía a una obstrucción intestinal. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue de 48,6 horas y los controles postoperatorios en el policlínico presentaron una mediana de 1 control. De los pacientes controlados en policlínico, el 21,9 por ciento presentó alguna complicación postoperatoria. Conclusiones: en general, las características epidemiológicas arrojadas por la serie coinciden con los datos aportados por la literatura nacional e internacional. A pesar de ser una patología frecuente y de baja morbimortalidad, no está exenta de complicaciones.

Objetive: To develop an epidemiological characterization of abdominal wall hernia at Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke during 2006, as well as establishing the incidence of postoperative complications. Material and method: A retrospective study of 178 patients admited to the Surgical Service of Hospital Fricke during 2006, for abdominal wall hernias. We excluded patients under the age of 15, belonging to another surgical service and those who had other types of hernia. The variables analyzed were data given by the patient, hernial type, surgical treatment, complications and polyclinic controls. Results: The average age was 56.6 years, the majority of them were men. The most prevalent type was inguinal hernia, (51.1 percent) of cases, followed by incisional hernias (18.5 percent) and umbilical hernias (14 percent). In 27.5 percent of the cases, there were complications before surgery, of those, 12.2 percent were strangled and 20.4 percent with intestinal obstruction. The average length of hospitalization was 48.6 hours and the postoperative control had a median of 1. Of the patients controlled, 21.9 percent had a postoperative complication. Conclusion: Overall, the epidemiological characteristics of this serie coincide with data provided by the national and international literature. Despite being a frequent pathology with low morbidity, it is not without complications. This is why we recommend elective surgical repair, especially in patients at risk, such as the elderly with chronic diseases.

Hernie de Spieghel compliquee d'une fasciite necrosante de la paroi abdominale. A propos d'un cas

La decouverte d'une hernie de Spieghel compliquee d'une fasciite necrosante de la paroi abdominale est exceptionnelle. Un homme de 36 ans avait presente une tumefaction inflammatoire de la fosse iliaque gauche diagnostiquee comme une fasciite necrosante. Cette tumefaction decouverte quatre mois plus tot avait fait l'objet de plusieurs seances de massage traditionnel. Au cours du traitement chirurgical; une anse grele necrosee et perforee passant a travers une hernie de Spieghel etait retrouvee; a l'origine de la fasciite necrosante. Les difficultes diagnostiques et therapeutiques sont discutees a travers une revue de la litterature